Fisch: Barcoo grunter - Jade perch - Scortum barcoo
Quellen: http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/28_13333.htm , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcoo_grunter , http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.11...x/abstract , http://www.livefish.com.au/tropicals/nat...arcoo.html , http://www.fishbase.org/summary/Scortum-barcoo.html , http://nsgl.gso.uri.edu/vsgcp/vsgcpc0000...papers.pdf, http://www.seqfish.com.au/aquaponics_17.html
Scientific name Scortum barcoo
Other names Marketed under the name jade perch.
Native habitat
Native to the Lake Eyre and Bulloo-Bancannia catchments. The natural habitat of the Barcoo grunter includes the low gradient rivers and creeks of the Lake Eyre Catchment. Waters are generally highly turbid and have a wide temperature and conductivity range.
Cultural environment
Limited commercial experience suggests that Barcoo grunter are well suited to production in well-managed recirculation tank systems with effective biological filtration.
Some commercial production has also occurred in purpose-built earth ponds. Pond sizes can vary from 0.2 - 0.5 hectare surface area with depths of 0.7 - 2.5 metres. It is an advantage to have all ponds easily drainable.
Breeding and fry production
In their natural habitat, Barcoo grunter spawn during the summer floods when water temperatures are above 23°C. In captivity the sexually mature broodstock are induced to spawn with a hormone injection. (Note: many chemicals used in aquaculture, such as hormones, require veterinary advice and prescriptions before use. Check before use).
The first-feeding larvae are approximately 5 millimetres long and can be reared in a pond environment managed to achieve a stable zooplankton bloom (rotifers and copepods). Survival rates of 30% or higher are possible with larvae metamorphosing into fingerlings in 3 - 4 weeks (15 mm long). Fingerlings can grow to 30 - 50 millimetres in 8 - 12 weeks. These fingerlings can then be stocked into grow-out ponds or recirculation systems.
Growout
Growth rates vary depending on water temperature and management strategies. To achieve superior growth rates fingerlings should be regularly graded into size classes either in tanks or in earth ponds until they reach 150 millimetres. This prevents excessive size variation at harvest and inefficient feeding rates. The current industry experience suggests that stocking rates in ponds should be up to a maximum of 15,000 fish per hectare, although no systematic research has been undertaken on husbandry practices. In tanks the stocking density is dependent on the capacity of the system but appears to be at least comparable with those used for barramundi.
Prior to stocking, ponds are drained, well dried and if necessary 'limed' and cultivated. They are then filled with water that has been passed through a filter screen to exclude predators. In recirculation systems, Barcoo grunter have been reported to reach 450 grams in four months and 800 grams in seven months from an advanced fingerling size. Maximum densities are usually about 40-50 kilograms per cubic metre.
Careful management of stocking densities and feed rates will prevent excessive NH3 concentrations. Barcoo grunter are able to tolerate a pH of between 6 and 9, with the desired range between 6.5 and 8.5. Salinity levels of five grams per litre sodium chloride are acceptable for long-term exposure and can be used to treat ectoparasite and fungal diseases.
Dissolved oxygen (DO) levels of four mg per litre or greater encourage maximum growth and survival. Aeration (paddlewheels and/or aspirators) is essential for commercial production. Aeration and water exchanges need to be increased when pond water temperatures exceed 30°C. Many farmers cease feeding when temperatures fall below 16°C. Growth rates decline rapidly when water temperatures fall below 20°C. Handling fish below 17°C may cause mortalities. Large-scale mortalities have occurred at temperatures in ponds below 13°C.
Barcoo grunter are omnivores consuming zooplankton, small crustaceans, aquatic insects, molluscs, algae and plant material. Although no specific research has been conducted on their dietary requirements, commercially available artificial diets are readily accepted at both fingerling and adult stage. Pellet size varies with the size of the animal. The food conversion ratios (FCR) vary depending upon the level of management with 1.2:1 for fingerlings to 1.6:1 for growout being achievable. Care should be taken when feeding, as Barcoo grunter are voracious feeders and overfeeding can occur. Netting or the placement of nylon scarewire across ponds will assist in the control of bird predation.
Harvesting
Ponds are primarily harvested with the use of seine nets, either partially or for a complete harvest.
It is critical to harvest fish in good condition to ensure fish are not stressed during purging and transport to market.
Purging the fish in clean water for 7 - 14 days depending on temperatures normally removes any off-flavours. The addition of salt is recommended for purging. Live fish marketing suggests that fish should be sold in the 650 - 1000 gram size, however, no detailed market studies have been completed.
Conclusions
Successful Barcoo grunter farming is a function of stocking rate, water quality, diet and stock management. Industry suggests that production of 5 - 10 tonnes per hectare is attainable in well-managed ponds. A number of silver perch growers have produced this species and found them to be very hardy and are positive about their potential. Currently production has been targeted at the live fish market and sold in the three east-coast capital cities. Initial market reaction has been positive to the attractive colour and high weight to length ratio of the species.
References
- Long, P and Humphery, V (1995) - Fisheries Study Lake Eyre Catchment, Information Series, QI97080, Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries
- Merrick, JR and Schmida, GE (1984) - Australian Freshwater Fishes Griffin Press Ltd. Adelaide.
Quellen: http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/28_13333.htm , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcoo_grunter , http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.11...x/abstract , http://www.livefish.com.au/tropicals/nat...arcoo.html , http://www.fishbase.org/summary/Scortum-barcoo.html , http://nsgl.gso.uri.edu/vsgcp/vsgcpc0000...papers.pdf, http://www.seqfish.com.au/aquaponics_17.html
Scientific name Scortum barcoo
Other names Marketed under the name jade perch.
Native habitat
Native to the Lake Eyre and Bulloo-Bancannia catchments. The natural habitat of the Barcoo grunter includes the low gradient rivers and creeks of the Lake Eyre Catchment. Waters are generally highly turbid and have a wide temperature and conductivity range.
Cultural environment
Limited commercial experience suggests that Barcoo grunter are well suited to production in well-managed recirculation tank systems with effective biological filtration.
Some commercial production has also occurred in purpose-built earth ponds. Pond sizes can vary from 0.2 - 0.5 hectare surface area with depths of 0.7 - 2.5 metres. It is an advantage to have all ponds easily drainable.
Breeding and fry production
In their natural habitat, Barcoo grunter spawn during the summer floods when water temperatures are above 23°C. In captivity the sexually mature broodstock are induced to spawn with a hormone injection. (Note: many chemicals used in aquaculture, such as hormones, require veterinary advice and prescriptions before use. Check before use).
The first-feeding larvae are approximately 5 millimetres long and can be reared in a pond environment managed to achieve a stable zooplankton bloom (rotifers and copepods). Survival rates of 30% or higher are possible with larvae metamorphosing into fingerlings in 3 - 4 weeks (15 mm long). Fingerlings can grow to 30 - 50 millimetres in 8 - 12 weeks. These fingerlings can then be stocked into grow-out ponds or recirculation systems.
Growout
Growth rates vary depending on water temperature and management strategies. To achieve superior growth rates fingerlings should be regularly graded into size classes either in tanks or in earth ponds until they reach 150 millimetres. This prevents excessive size variation at harvest and inefficient feeding rates. The current industry experience suggests that stocking rates in ponds should be up to a maximum of 15,000 fish per hectare, although no systematic research has been undertaken on husbandry practices. In tanks the stocking density is dependent on the capacity of the system but appears to be at least comparable with those used for barramundi.
Prior to stocking, ponds are drained, well dried and if necessary 'limed' and cultivated. They are then filled with water that has been passed through a filter screen to exclude predators. In recirculation systems, Barcoo grunter have been reported to reach 450 grams in four months and 800 grams in seven months from an advanced fingerling size. Maximum densities are usually about 40-50 kilograms per cubic metre.
Careful management of stocking densities and feed rates will prevent excessive NH3 concentrations. Barcoo grunter are able to tolerate a pH of between 6 and 9, with the desired range between 6.5 and 8.5. Salinity levels of five grams per litre sodium chloride are acceptable for long-term exposure and can be used to treat ectoparasite and fungal diseases.
Dissolved oxygen (DO) levels of four mg per litre or greater encourage maximum growth and survival. Aeration (paddlewheels and/or aspirators) is essential for commercial production. Aeration and water exchanges need to be increased when pond water temperatures exceed 30°C. Many farmers cease feeding when temperatures fall below 16°C. Growth rates decline rapidly when water temperatures fall below 20°C. Handling fish below 17°C may cause mortalities. Large-scale mortalities have occurred at temperatures in ponds below 13°C.
Barcoo grunter are omnivores consuming zooplankton, small crustaceans, aquatic insects, molluscs, algae and plant material. Although no specific research has been conducted on their dietary requirements, commercially available artificial diets are readily accepted at both fingerling and adult stage. Pellet size varies with the size of the animal. The food conversion ratios (FCR) vary depending upon the level of management with 1.2:1 for fingerlings to 1.6:1 for growout being achievable. Care should be taken when feeding, as Barcoo grunter are voracious feeders and overfeeding can occur. Netting or the placement of nylon scarewire across ponds will assist in the control of bird predation.
Harvesting
Ponds are primarily harvested with the use of seine nets, either partially or for a complete harvest.
It is critical to harvest fish in good condition to ensure fish are not stressed during purging and transport to market.
Purging the fish in clean water for 7 - 14 days depending on temperatures normally removes any off-flavours. The addition of salt is recommended for purging. Live fish marketing suggests that fish should be sold in the 650 - 1000 gram size, however, no detailed market studies have been completed.
Conclusions
Successful Barcoo grunter farming is a function of stocking rate, water quality, diet and stock management. Industry suggests that production of 5 - 10 tonnes per hectare is attainable in well-managed ponds. A number of silver perch growers have produced this species and found them to be very hardy and are positive about their potential. Currently production has been targeted at the live fish market and sold in the three east-coast capital cities. Initial market reaction has been positive to the attractive colour and high weight to length ratio of the species.
References
- Long, P and Humphery, V (1995) - Fisheries Study Lake Eyre Catchment, Information Series, QI97080, Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries
- Merrick, JR and Schmida, GE (1984) - Australian Freshwater Fishes Griffin Press Ltd. Adelaide.
LG
Renata
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www.projekt-aquaponica.at
Renata
________________________________
www.projekt-aquaponica.at
